Ecg circuit design project. 3 developed an ECG circuit with a bandwidth of 0.

• Ecg circuit design project It didn’t work well, but Design and Build an ECG Circuit: The electrocardiogram (ECG) shows general behavior, typically for a human heart. Nov 13, 2021 · Demonstration of the ecg circuit expect to design a gain of more than one into the filter stages to achieve the signal size that you want. Using TI instrumentation Amp INA321, TEXAS INSTRUMENTS|INA321EA/250G4|IC, AMP INSTRUMENTATION, MSOP8 | element14 Singapore ECG Circuit I have difficulties understanding the Dec 7, 2014 · Pesovic U. With such a large impact on the ever-growing population and economy, cardiology is a target area of research and treatmen… Oct 16, 2011 · Hi all, I'm doing my final year project which requires me to adopt a ECG circuit from TI for a part in my project. A) Get rid of the DC part of the signal after the instrumentation amplifier. The ECG Circuit: An ECG is a test that measures the electrical activity of the heart by recording the heart's rhythm and activity. For the one hand, it presents the sensor design, signal coupling, and band-pass filter Sallen-key structure. Here is a circuit digram for Interfacing AD8232 ECG Sensor with NodeMCU ESP8266. 1 Cardiac Catheterization—Analyzing cardiac catheterization patient data. Introduction. With these sample rates, the required resolution of typical ECG detection system internal converters is 12 bits. Shirzadfar and Jul 23, 2024 · In the near future expect to see a less expensive, smaller open source design that can be used instead of the demonstration kit (e. (See the "Analysis" Step below. R2 = 137864. Mark unknown component values on the figure. The Arduino-based DIY EKG kit instructed students how to build a circuit to obtain their own EKG and then analyze their EKG data using Matlab. 2) Simulation results show the amplified and filtered heart signal is detected. To be confused with atrial fibrillation. BME308 - Biomedical Signals and CircuitsLab 7 part 1Build a circuit using an instrumentation amplifier to view your ECG You have already met these amplifiers in the Core Course. The differential gain of the circuit is 36. Does anyone have any advice that would help us build the circuit? Currently, we are using a design from a paper but it is very complicated (a picture of the design as well as a table listing the components is below). Electrodes of ECG Sensor have 3 pins and connected by cable with 30 inches in length. To eliminate artifacts, ECG signals pass through an instrumentation amplifier (AD620) for common-mode rejection and then a capacitor acting as a high-pass filter to eliminate baseline wandering and they subsequently pass DIY EKG project—Building a circuit to obtain and analyze student’s own data. Electrocardiogram (ECG) Circuit Design: Disclaimer: The following is solely for educational purposes. Yeim Serinağaoğlu Doğrusöz February 2015, 90 pages Since the first electrocardiogram (ECG) was recorded by Eindhoven in 1903, Aug 8, 2016 · The finished project is a blend of improved hardware and custom open-source software, and an impressively good ECG considering the circuit is so simple and runs on a breadboard! Furthermore, the schematics and custom software are all open-sourced on my github! Project info at Scott Harden’s blog. 3 developed an ECG circuit with a bandwidth of 0. The combined circuit was then used to measure the ECG waveform of a human subject. 1 Hardware block diagram of an ECG monitoring and processing system. ) You don't need to build PPG hardware. The microcontroller main functions are a) to select the pace or rhythm of the ECG signal, b) to drive to a 2x16 LCD display, the user ECG rhythm selection and the actual ECG output rhythm and c) to trigger an audible signal of the ECG rhythm. Course content – A practical introduction to the transistor-level design of memory circuits. ECG Sensors is very light weight, slim and accurately to measures continuous heart beat and give rate data of heart beat. The ECG was first developed in 1887 and gave physicians a new way to diagnose heart complications. , the ECG simulator, whose circuit design was based on the Atmel ATmega8515 microcontroller, was tested on the 12-lead Envitec ECG device [28]. Testing the Circuit You will need: circuit on breadboard, connection cables, a power supply or 9 V battery, National Instruments ADC, LabView Software, a computer. A battery (such as a 9V) is very unlikely to cause harm due to the small voltage produced which if placed across the chest would not be able to cause issues (however please do not try this). Accordingly, the goal of the project is to design and construct an easy-to-use compact 12-lead electrocardiogram device that communicates with a computer to create a system that can continuously Download scientific diagram | ECG circuit simulation. As shown in Fig. Prof. 9Hz. Figure 4. 3-8 65. There are 6 pins in AD8232 Breakout Board. Grading 25% Midterm - Wednesday, March 25 from 5:30 to 6:45 PM in TBA, open book and closed notes 25% Homework. At the heart of the design is the low-power common-mode interference (CMI) suppression circuit (CMI-SC) to help minimize the common-mode input swing and prevent turning on the ESD diodes at the input of the AFE. Dec 6, 2022 · Circuit Diagram Of IoT Based ECG and heart Monitoring. 05Hz - 40Hz. 3) The circuit design includes stages for protection, instrumentation amplification, isolation, notch filtering, high-pass filtering, low May 25, 2023 · An accurate and compact electrocardiogram (ECG) device will greatly assist doctors in diagnosing heart diseases. Analog front-end is the important component of an ECG monitoring system. A value which is very higher than the ECG signals value range (0. Each of the four labs used pre-recorded videos and handouts to provide background information. The orange wire carries the circuit’s output signal, while the white wire connects the virtual ground Sources for this project idea were academic papers on the IEEE site, our professor Bruce Land, and previous labs that spurred interest in doing an ECG related project. 59 beats per minute. Designing a Functional ECG With Arduino Output: According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), heart disease is the leading cause of death for men, women, and most racial and ethnic groups across the United States. Seven years ago I posted DIY ECG Machine on the Cheap which showed a discernible ECG I obtained using an op-amp, two resistors, and a capacitor outputting to a PC sound card’s microphone input. Jan 1, 2014 · In the study by Valais et al. The new software includes code to calculate the QT-interval of the ECG signal. ECG measurement information is collected by skin electrodes placed at designated locations on the body. Using the Adafruit Menta kit as a starting point, the simulator was built for just over $60 in parts. The red and the black alligator clips are for two electrodes attached to the subject’s body. This paper aims to present the proposed Analog Front-End (AFE) Circuit design to be used in an ECG monitoring system. This monitor has just two leads, which are placed over bony areas of the chest (sternum and lower-left rib). This instructable is a guided way to simulated, build, and test a circuit that takes in, filters, and amplifies ECG signals. Aug 8, 2016 · An ECG (electrocardiograph, sometimes called EKG) is a graph of the electrical potential your heart produces as it beats. Figure 1 provides the design of the system hardware; from left to right respectively, this begins with the data acquisition unit, which is comprised of three electrodes attached to the patient’s body following the Einthoven triangle [] to detect and transmit the ECG signal in an efficient manner. 25% Course Jul 25, 2020 · 2. 85 Ohms. There was no intention to manufacture this device, it was essentially a “one-off DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ECG FRONT END CIRCUIT Robaei, Mohammadreza M. The graphs below show sample traces that were captured using Einthoven’s ECG method. If using this circuit for real ECG measurements, please ensure the circuit and the circuit-to-instrument connections are utilizing proper isolation techniques. By observing the voltage over time of the heart, doctors can get a general sense of the patient’s health, as many respiratory and cardiac problems appear in and potenti… May 29, 2023 · In this project, I will show you how you can interface AD8232 ECG Sensor with NodeMCU ESP8266 Board and monitor the ECG Waveform on Serial Plotter Screen. Real ECG implementations have sampling frequency of more than 500 Hz, with the typical conversion speed of the ECG detector’s internal converter ≥1 kilohertz (kHz). Several works on ECG sensing have been reported in the literature. “BME 305 Design Lab Project I've included a design for a 3D printed PPG clip or you can use a piece of PVC plumbing pipe. First, the ECG circuit was See full list on nutsvolts. Mar 1, 2021 · Design and methods: National- and state-level data on length of stay (LOS) and related charges for ACS-associated hospital admissions were assessed using two Healthcare Utilization Project databases. The input comes from two active electrodes placed on the nasion and inion. Functional ECG Circuit Design Project: In this article I will explain how to create a working ECG circuit that will be able to appropriately measure your heartbeat. ET. 91 Ohms. This device always use by trained doctor and medical assistances. Interestingly, it’s also possible to design a low-cost ECG machine using Arduino and an AD8232 ECG sensor. This paper identifies what are typically considered the major challenges of ECG subsystem design and recommends various methodologies with which to mitigate them. This interference voltage is coupled to the ECG signal reaching values of 2. Thread starter mert; Start date May 23, 2014; Search Forums; New Posts; M. To test the LabView instrumentation a simulated ECG was input to the circuit and the output of the circuit was connected to LabView through the National Instruments ADC. There are two reasons for this, one being safety, and the other being noise. In this guide, I will walk you through how to design a circuit to isolate ECG signals by breaking this circuit was broken down into three simple components: an instrumentation amplifier, a band-pass filter, and a notch filter, with desired cut-off frequencies and gains determined by published literature and current models. The ECG Amplifier - Complete The circuit diagram of the ECG amplifier with all parts attached is shown in Fig. An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a recording of the electrical activity on the body surface generated by the heart. We use standard disposable EEG electrodes (both single use self-adhesive electrodes and non-adhesive electrodes that can be used multiple times). This is because power line interference from the ECG system is around 60 Hz and must be removed from the input. The MCU and ECG circuit design processes and handles the inputted data from the external Sensors. The ECG simulator circuit design is based on an Atmel ATmega8515 microcontroller (Atmel corporation) [6]. At the end of the video I discussed how to use a 555 timer to create a waveform roughly like an ECG signal, but I didn’t post the circuit at the end of that video. 6dB. e-ISSN: 2289-8131 Vol. of an ECG AFE from a system design perspective. AD8232 is a cost-effective, ECG analog sensor for measuring the electrical activity of the heart. Nov 13, 2021 · An Electrocardiogram (ECG) is the interpretation of the electrical activity of the heart over a period of time. If using this circuit for real ECG measurements, please ensure that the circuit and the circuit-to-instrument connections u… Nov 14, 2019 · The main board used for the development of th e project was the Arduino Nano CH340, which . The circuit will use 3 electrodes - 2 to measure a voltage difference across your scalp, and one as a reference to ground. com/data-converters/integrated-special-function/medical-afes/biosensing-afes/products. 3. So we present this project, i. The ECG circuit was tested by placing the electrodes in a Lead I May 23, 2014 · ECG circuit design. To do this an integrated circuit of INA, Notch filter, and lowpass filter was built. CORE – Aggregating the world’s open access research papers Sep 13, 2023 · Alternate PCB design done by me using EasyEDA online tool for ECG Monitor Design(Analog project) in EN2091-Labotary Practice and Projects Aug 26, 2021 · Key considerations for designing electrocardiogram (ECG) front-end circuit 00:13:05 | 26 AUG 2021 In this video, we will talk about the front-end circuit design, right leg drive and lead-off detection schemes for electrocardiogram (ECG) applications. This would allow us to connect a human to the circuit and visualize their ECG. Dec 12, 2023 · Ashley's ME lab final project demonstration. ECG Processing Circuit on Printed Circuit Board An implementation of ECG processing circuit. Preliminary Work College of Engineering | Michigan State University Nov 19, 2022 · By analyzing or monitoring the ECG signal at the initial stage this disease can be prevented. Using simple circuit design, an ECG can be made that could monitor all of these things. Once you have good signal output, you could use this same signal to calculate heartrate, or another interesting metric using a microcontroller. g. This is for educational purposes only using simulated signals. The display can show individual heart beats in a large format, the train of heart beats in a small format and a Poincaré plot. This paper presents the design of a portable electrocardiograph (ECG) device using the AD8232 microchip as the analog front-end (AFE). The microcontroller / MCU contains a programmer within the design which self checks abnormalities at the user application level. A typical example is a 100 Hz background distortion from fluorescent lights. The resulting ECG wave had a maximum amplitude of 590 mV, with a recorded R to R interval of approximately 850 ms. For a gain of 1, R3 is replaced by an open circuit, and R4 is replaced by a short circuit. May 30, 2017 · Using an ECG First, and most important, POWER THIS CIRCUIT WITH A BATTERY. The censored data is then displayed onto the screen in a real time manner where touch capabilities could My goal with this project was to design and fabricate a 3-lead ECG simulator that would allow me to study the Texas Instruments ADS1293 ECG Front-end chip. By following this Instructable, you will be able to build a device that displays the electrocardiogram of a person using only basic breadboarding skills, and general electronics lab equipment. ECG Circuit (using Breadboard, LTSpice, and Arduino): About 6. The resulting system is a single-channel EEG device consisting of: - 3 passive electrodes: 2 to measure the Feb 7, 2023 · of external circuits must be included in the project to match design procedur es, such as. S. Nov 20, 2023 · Featuring an instrumentation amplifier made up of three 741 op-amps and an assortment of resistors. Everyone wants the project to be good, fast, and cheap BME 207 ECG Design Project: The goal of this project was to design a circuit that would act as an ECG amplifier. 6. 2 million adults in the United States have heart failure, which cost the nation an estimated $30. Overview The purpose of the hardware is to perform signal conditioning, analog to digital conversion and transfer the data to a host. Analog circuit goal #2: Filter out frequency components that are not part of the ECG signal. This paper discusses the design of an electrocardiogram (ECG) sensor circuitry for cardiovascular disease diagnosis. The circuit does not resemble a medical device in any way. It will also help to address the increasing number of deaths caused by heart disease. Due to both the pandemic and the growing interest in online education, we developed a Do-it-yourself Electrocardiogram (DIY EKG) project. This corresponds to a subject heart rate of around 70. The circuit's components give a center frequency of 60 Hz. In addition to this interference, the capacitive interference due to the equipment or device used to measure the ECG signal which is produced by the equipment power supply. Aug 31, 2016 · The finished project is a blend of improved hardware and custom cross-platform open-source software (which runs on Windows, Linux, and MacOS), and an impressively good ECG considering the circuit is so simple and runs on a breadboard! Furthermore, the schematics and custom software are all open-sourced on my github! Read more. We designed our circuit with the goal of being able to use either This project describes the design of a simple, low-cost controller based wireless patient monitoring system. 02 mV to 5 mV). Despite the obstacles of Apr 22, 2017 · ECG and many other biomedical instruments and biosensors. Ultimately, a custom printed circuit board (PCB) was produced. As the sign adequacy is little, it must be enhanced with a high addition of around 1000 to handle the sign. ECGs can detect heart rhythm, heart rate, heart attacks, inadequate blood and oxygen supply to the heart, and structural abnormalities. Sep 24, 2019 · In addition to this I wanted the design to be reusable and extendable in the future, choices were made to allow the circuit boards to be used for different applications beyond this project. 4 V approximately. In addition, it will be able to work with an Arduino device and the necessary code will be supplied. Memory technologies including DRAM, Flash, MRAM, Glass-based, and SRAM will be discussed. The AFE consists of an instrumentation amplifier, a Butterworth band-pass filter (with fifth-order low-pass and second-order high-pass sections), and a Jan 18, 2021 · ECG is considered a fairly routine and sufficient indication of heart health and is performed with 3, 5, 12, or 15-lead ECG/EKG machines. the EEG Mouse team’s REV1 board will integrate an Arduino compatible microcontroller on the same board as an ADS1299, the previous REV0 design can be fabricated and used instead of the demonstration kit). A well designed BC circuit can significantly improve measurement accuracy, reliability, and repeatability. com In this project, we will build an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). 067 uF. 3–12 Tenedero et al. It is recommended that… Dec 16, 2016 · This paper presents a concise ECG circuit design using an instrumentation amplifier and a band-pass passive filter. Apr 1, 2011 · The resulting demands on ECG design engineers are considerable: provide a safe and effective ECG subsystem that can withstand the challenges of the intended use environment. This project is designed to simulate the ECG signal. Jun 11, 2018 · Electrocardiograph (ECG) Circuit Design and Software-based Processing using LabVIEW . It is battery powered and can be worn round your neck on a l… Aug 2, 2003 · DrDAQ ECG project setup Sample results. The penny acts as the right leg drive. A hospital ECG will likely be a "12 lead" monitor (which actually only has 10 leads due to sharing). In order Design and Simulation of Electrocardiogram Circuit with Automatic Analysis of ECG Signal Tosin Jemilehin, Michael Adu An electrocardiogram (ECG) is the graphical record of bioelectric signal generated by the human body during cardiac cycle, it tells a lot about the medical status of an individual. Students will consider the noise and bias a heart beat signal is subject to when measured with common leads. setting gains and power supply. mert. The battery supplies (+Vb) the Arduino board and the led L1 when the device is turned on (R12 = 10 kOhm controls L1 current); the rest of the device is supplied by the Arduino 5 V voltage output (+Vcc). Using a cutoff frequency of 150 Hz, the component values are calculated and listed below: C1 = 0. If you have built my ECG project, you can upgrade that project to display the QT-interval. Elektor presented this electrocardiogram simulator design in May 2000. e ECG Monitoring with AD8232 ECG Sensor & Arduino with ECG Graph. The design selected for the ECG circuit with the AD8232 AFE had . This electrical activity can be charted as an ECG or Electrocardiogram. Each lead is said to Nov 30, 2023 · The circuit meets the requirements of the project design. Feb 27, 2023 · Abstract: This article presents the design of a low-power ground-free (two-electrode) analog front end (AFE) for ECG acquisition. 101. pptx The document describes an ECG circuit design project including: 1) The circuit detects ECG signals from electrodes on the arms and leg, amplifies the difference between signals, and filters noise. As you'll see, this DIY project has various potential applications. Commercial electroencephalography devices can cost thousands of euros depending on the complexity of the instrumentation. An AD620 instrumentation amplifier ECG Display With Arduino: This ECG (Electrocardiogram) unit has an integrated display. Background Math. R1 = 12187. In this application, the three-electrode configuration is used. In the study by Valais et al. Discover biosensing Analog Front End (AFE) deviceshttps://www. To do so, the present system shows filter hardware and software design to improve ECG data acquisition through signal processing. This video discusses how a variety of concepts and skills developed in the analog electronics lab series will be combined to design and build an ECG circuit. #ecg #circuit Sep 27, 2020 · In 2019 I released a YouTube video and blog post showing how to build an ECG machine using an AD8232 interfaced to a computer’s sound card. There is a third Construct the circuit above. Results with L1 and L2 leads on chest Results with L1 and L2 leads on wrists ECG electronic circuit description. Figure 12: Equivalent circuit for tissue and electrode system R2 R1 R’1 RT R’T Tissue The Rev1 design integrates an Arduino Due compatible microcontroller, 5kV of reinforced isolation (for safety), and an ADS1299 analog front end for capturing EEG signals. Similarly, you can send the ECG waveform over the IoT Cloud platform and monitor the signal online from any part of the world using the PC or simply using the Smartphone. 25% Course Project Along with monitoring brain wave concentration, the final circuit can also be used as an ECG, as a way to see your heartbeat trace. The design equations for a low-pass filter are included in the images above. Al, A wireless ECG sensor node based on Huffman data encoder IEEE 14th International Symposium on Design and Diagnostics of Electronic Circuits and Systems (DDECS), 2011, 411-412 Combine a touch screen, Arduino Uno, and a Heart monitor and you've got yourself an awesome portable ecg machine. Starting with the manufacturer’s evaluation board of the AFE chip for testing circuit configurations, open-source hardware and software components were integrated into a breadboard prototype. The objective of this project is to try to develop a very simple and cheap EEG device able to measure brain activity while preserving a sufficient level of accuracy. A typical ECG waveform consist of Feb 7, 2022 · Hands-on labs are a critical component of biomedical engineering undergraduate education. ti. The frequency range of the circuit is 1mHz - 227. 05 to 120 Hz, an ECG signal is a frail sign in the scope of 1mV in sufficiency. , the ECG simulator, whose circuit design was based on Oct 2, 2020 · ECG is the important investigation test widely used to find any abnormality in the heart’s condition. 2 Nature of the ECG Signal and System Design Implications The first step in any system design is to fully understand the signal that is to be processed by the system. The AD8232 is a neat little chip used to measure the electrical activity of the heart. This is cheap, easy to make, and pretty co Jun 2, 2022 · Figure 4: Circuit diagram of ECG signal With a recurrence scope of 0. This step is espeically true for an ECG AFE system. This means that the circuit attenuates signals at/around 60 Hz. from publication: [Note] A Low-Cost ECG Monitor for Home Use | This project presents an example of a device that is designed using limited ECG SIGNAL % Electrical interference &From a nearby electrical appliance. Figure 11: ECG tracing acquired from the o utput of the hardware’s final . and healthcare applications is done at the outset of the project. Prerequisite EE 421 or ECG 621 . Depending on how many parts you already have, the circuit could only set you back around $10. The standard circuit, if more than 60dB of common−mode rejection is required, is the 3 op−amp instrumentation amplifier shown in Figure 13 and this circuit is used in most ECG machines. In addition, cardiovascular disease is responsible for roughly … The process of the project is receiving ECG signals from the patient and reading the data in PC using an Arduino (an open-source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible, easy-to-use hardware and software) board, and then the signal is subjected to the removal of noise and base wander by amplification circuits in LabView (a system Figure 1: Block Diagram of the Circuit Implementation of our Heartbeat Monitor a) ECG Signal Generation While we primarily relied on the ECG signal from the function generator to test our circuit, we had the option of using the ECG PCB board from lab 5 of 6. 9 No. . 2) The basic components needed to build an ECG circuit are a breadboard, operational amplifiers, resistors, capacitors, wires, diodes, and electrodes. The integrated input-fred noise is 3 Mar 3, 2020 · However, ECG electronic systems have not a portability criterion. Dr. Grading 25% Midterm - Wednesday, March 6 from 1:00 to 2:15 PM in TBE B-174, open book and closed notes 25% Homework. Oct 11, 2024 · To develop and service electrocardiogram (ECG) equipment, an artificial signal that mimics a real ECG is essential. Jun 1, 2021 · In this project we will be exploring AD8232 ECG sensor working and will connect it with Arduino to run some analysis on the resulting waveform for medical diagnosis. Figure 1 shows the widely accepted details of the ECG signal as it appears at Apr 22, 2017 · In AD’s design, the ECG circuit uses AD’s AduC842 (an integrated “system on chip”) to perform amplification, digital filtering, and A/D conversion. 7 billion in 2012 [1]. Modify your design, if necessary to meet the requirements stated in the preliminary work. , Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Assoc. This is a noninvasive and painless test that measures the electrical activity of the heartbeat between pairs of electrodes placed at certain points on In this lab, students will design an Electrocardiogram (ECG) circuit using Multisim Live, and then build and validate the circuit to produce the most accurate possible heartbeat reading. SDN is not connected. C2 = 0. The electrodes of ecg sensor will conversion heart beat to electric signal. htmlIn Design of the circuit for measuring and normalizing of ECG signals The ECG (Electrocardiogram) signals contains essential information to identify cardiovascular diseases. 3) A monostable multivibrator circuit triggers an oscillator to create an audible beep when the R wave pulse is detected. We will also see different types of ECG sensors in the market, the lead placement for a 3 lead ECG system, and the various medical conditions that can be identified by analyzing an Jun 4, 2024 · In this work, an analog front-end (AFE) circuit for an electrocardiogram (ECG) detection system has been designed, implemented, and investigated in an industry-standard Cadence simulation framework using an advanced technology node of 45 nm. Background math needed for this circuit design required the ability to calculate frequencies, filtering and gain, and the max current able to pass through a ECG signals come to the circuit through electrodes and leads. 3 , the ECG signals is a curve that records the change in voltage which is generated by the heart during operation, the main shape of ECG signals is a 1) An ECG circuit measures the electrical signals of the heart to provide objective health information. May 6, 2023 · To make the circuit this is the Instructables guide that I followed: DIY EEG (and ECG) Circuit by cah6. ECG ELECTRODE ! Lead ’ The signal recorded as the difference between two potentials on the body surface is called an "ECG lead". 01 uF. Nov 18, 2019 · So, basically, we are moving on to the next part of the project which is building a ECG circuit using these same small chips. Microsoft PowerPoint - L08 Op-amps ECG 2020. •Stage #1: Instrumentation amplifier design –Develop an amplifier with a gain large enough to boost raw ECG signals –Account for common-mode noise •Stage #2: Power source reduction –Fine-tune ECG amplifier circuit by using only one 9V battery to drive it –Involve creating a virtual circuit ground •Stage #3: Multi-lead ECG measurements Oct 31, 2019 · Theoretically, the sample rate for ECG equipment is at least 50 Hz. Electricity can kill – if you wish to try this project yourself then please read the safety issues first. The circuit is supplied by two 9V batteries. The project was fun - circuit design, PCB manufacture, Arduino coding, datalogging, LCD screen, 3D printing, data analysis, etc. The simple circuit design and layout are a good compromise for having both a low cost (few components) and good performance. mnxmp kvhsc bgfj vlg vkbt xfeu sfjymb nmkoibia rpmemw ptlh rasitrj rjv xjiz oyieax cah